Abstract： Objective： To observe the clinical effect of the therapy of modified Liuwei Dihuang Decoction in adjuvant treatment of percutaneous kyphoplasty (PKP) on osteoporotic compression fracture of thoracolumbar spine of liver and kidney insufficiency type. Methods：A total of 72 patients with osteoporotic compression fracture of thoracolumbar spine of liver and kidney insufficiency type were selected and divided into the control group and the observation group according to the random number table method ， with 36 cases in each group. During the study，2 cases dropped off in the two groups，finally 34 cases were included in each group. Both groups were treated with PKP；the control group was treated with conventional western medicine after surgery，and the observation group was additionally treated with modified Liuwei Dihuang Decoction based on the treatment of the control group. Both groups were treated for 6 weeks and followed up for 6 months. The clinical effects，preoperative (before treatment) and 6-week postoperative (after treatment) bone mineral density，Oswestry Disability Index (ODI)，Visual Analogue Scale (VAS)，and complication rate were compared between the two groups. Results： After treatment， the total clinical effective rate was 94.12% in the observation group and 88.24% in the control group， there being no significant difference (P＞0.05). The speed of sound (SOS) and T value in the two groups were increased when compared with those before treatment (P＜0.05)，and the SOS and T value in the observation group were greater than those in the control group (P＜0.05). The scores of VAS and ODI in the two groups were decreased when compared with those before treatment (P＜0.05)，and the scores of VAS and ODI in the observation group were lower than those in the control group (P＜0.05). After 6 months of follow up，the incidence of complications in the observation group was 2.94% ， which was not statistically significant when compared with that of 14.71% in the control group (P＞0.05). Conclusion：The therapy of modified Liuwei Dihuang Decoction in adjuvant treatment of PKP can enhance the curative effect on osteoporotic compression fracture of thoracolumbar spine of liver and kidney insufficiency type， which helps improve bone density and relieve clinical symptoms.