Abstract：Objective：To investigate the effect of modified Fuzheng Kanglao prescription combined with anti-tuberculosis treatment in western medicine on immune function and the expression levels of interleukin- 1β(IL-1β) and interleukin-1Ra (IL-1Ra) in patients with initial pulmonary tuberculosis. Methods：A total of 89 cases of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis were divided into the control group and the combination group according to the random number table method ， 44 and 45 cases in each group respectively. The control group was given anti-tuberculosis treatment based on 2HREZ/4HR regimen， and the combination group was additionally treated with modified Fuzheng Kanglao prescription. Both groups were treated for six months. The changes of various indexes in the two groups were observed. Results： Before treatment， there was no significant difference being found in the comparison of symptom scores between the two groups(P＞0.05). After treatment， the symptom score was 3.58±0.39 points in the combination group，significantly lower than that of 6.14±0.46 points in the control group(t=12.389， P＜0.05). After treatment， the immune function indexes in the two groups were improved when compared with those before treatment，and the improvement in the combination group was better than that in the control group(P＜0.05). After treatment， IL- 1β and IL- 1Ra in the two groups were improved when compared with those before treatment， and the improvement in the combination group was better than that in the control group(P＜0.05). The total effective rate was 91.11% in the combination group，significantly higher than that of 77.27% in the control group(Z=1.982， P＜0.05). The incidence of adverse reactions was 11.11% in the combination group，lower than that of 29.55% in the control group(χ2=4.686， P=0.030＜0.05). Conclusion： The therapy of modified Fuzheng Kanglao prescription combined with antituberculosis treatment in western medicine for initial pulmonary tuberculosis can relieve the symptom of pulmonary tuberculosis by reducing the levels of IL- 1β and IL- 1Ra， and can improve the immune function of patients with definite curative effect.