Abstract：The incidence rate of kidney disease has increased year by year， and there is no specific drug that can reverse the progression of renal failure. How to effectively slow down the progress of disease and protect renal function has become an urgent problem to be solved. This paper reviews the treatment of kidney disease with traditional Chinese and western medicine at the gene and molecular level. microRNA(miRNA) clarified the action mechanism of drugs to a certain extent， which not only provided ideas for reducing the renal side effects of drugs， but also proved the renal protection effect of drugs， and provided a theoretical basis for the clinical application of drugs.